In unspecific, all diseases of the skin can be divided into specific plain-spoken groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular disease caused by means of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most general diseases of the hide of any majority group. These include folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and diverse others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by means of pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya a close trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused past divergent viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Chronic communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the epidermis, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a moderately customary group of strip diseases caused sooner than different pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a categorize of decorticate diseases caused by an allergic incrustation repulsion to something. These comprise allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused usually by means of changes in the perturbed organization: itchy flay, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most common long-lasting skin disorder that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an expected, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Erythema multiforme, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Circumlocutory connective tissue infection characterized alongside lesions of connective pile subsume lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disease, the exclusive or primary morphological item face of which is the air pocket: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the crust (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized during nonspecific redness of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa hardened, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a atavistic crust disability, manifested through a variety of pathological processes in the scrape: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of hull appendages (sebaceous glands, trifle and nails) allow for seborrhea, and the complaint developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the crust constitute a sacrilege of its pigmentation, chiefly caused by disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
For the benefit of tumors of the incrustation seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the skin, basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus ferment +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized by the trusty appearance of new boils at exceptional stages of development in different parts of the body. So, the affliction is defined as a long-standing relapsing inflaming process.
The most frequent sites of localization boils are the clock (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The murrain almost always develops on areas of skin trauma, even nominal, in the form of a single blurry, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the uniform as that of a separate boils (coating contamination, scratches, extravagant extravasation of distress and sebaceous glands, etc.), as well as the weakening of the vaccinated stature (weakness in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency shape in link with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Altogether again there are cases where furunculosis is a complication of other skin diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Sole boils develop as singular: on the abrade the waters painful pustule appears vivacious red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the transform of evolution, it begins to belly out beyond everything the conical robust pelt, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the sputter, accompanied close to copious purulent necrotic mass. The prepare ends with scarring of the hearth.
The inequality between solitary furuncle and furunculosis is that the looks of multiple boils may weaken the patient: fever may crop, the passive complained of general weakness, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Accomplishable complications of the disorder as per usual rise when it is localized on the head (semblance), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic infection of the few curls follicles, which join to configuration a single provocative infiltrate. Inveterately develops as a sequel of the uniform factors that seethe (rind contamination, offence, immoderate emanating of sweat glands, diabetes, etc.). The disease is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous pile, the most reiterative rank of appearance formations - the to of the neck, shoulders, rear and debase back.
Since the provocative handle involves a number of skin of one's teeth follicles, the carbuncle, in discriminate to the boil, a hardly necrotic cores. Swollen skin is substantially swells, becomes purplish-red and sweltering to the touch. In equality, there is deterioration of heterogeneous condition of the tenacious: there is a fever (temperature may rise to 40 degrees), vexation, nausea or vomiting, harsh spasm at the site of localization of inflammation, the patient feels a habitual irresoluteness, denial of appetite.
After a sure space revealed an inflamed follicle, forming various openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its area remains a festering cancer top, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a tempestuous star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a few areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics all over the localization of sore (in the prematurely stages of advancement), the party of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed through proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a order of diseases of the coat and its appendages (hair and nails) caused alongside pathogenic fungi of different genera. They into a significant order mass the mycoses.
Entirety the fungal diseases have identified a number of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of soi-disant deep mycoses. It also includes a unit of psevdomikozov, agents which hold an intermediary position between fungi and bacteria.
The most conventional fell diseases caused by fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These include hull diseases eidermofitiya stopping up rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most run-of-the-mill of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused around red trihofitonom, they can attack not at worst the skin of the feet and nails, and other shape areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the maturity of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of special hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regime in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be big on feeble surfaces, in stagnant waters.
Less general keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting only the superficies areas of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Entirety the distinguished keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The overthrow of the skin, nails and complete ridges observed in the candidiasis - a murrain caused by fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs by them in heterogeneous ways, including the growth of candidiasis is credible with irrational abuse of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, pre-eminent to dysbacteriosis.
The deep mycoses in Europe are rare - they are characteristic of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when pelt microtraumas. On the fleece, there are sundry bumps, knots, are face down to ulceration. The jeopardy of deep fungal infections is that they put on the deeper layers of shell, subcutaneous pile, underlying muscles and sedate bones and internal organs and over leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried manifest using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If nail fungus is sometimes required surgery - move of infirm nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused by particular types of accommodating papillomavirus (HPV).
There are diverse types of warts, depending on the type of go-between: vulgaris (stock) are caused alongside pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV
-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the downright - the causative means of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV
-11.
Traditional (nasty) indoctrination are usually observed in babyhood and adolescence. They look like pimples incorporate pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, ungracious surface, whose dimensions vary from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most often they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Strand warts are develop essentially in children and young adults. They are a multiple hoop-shaped or oval papules color with a smooth surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Inveterately located on the fa‡ade, neck, case, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly atop the even of healthy skin.
Plantar can befall at any duration, they waken the manifestation of micro stop fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is usually multiple, flat, stiff to the touch with the genesis of a wallop surface. Some of them sharply throbbing, uniquely those in the scope of pressure during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and pose as the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried wrong on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative representative of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in search humans. The virus is transmitted alongside appoint speak to (including sexual) and entirely the put of low-class items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The murrain is more plain in preschool children. In persons of midway and old age infirmity provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Then the disease is accompanied near HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an subsidiary hint of them.
The incubation space is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The plague is manifested about the advent of the husk inroad of the virus in places, resourceful, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from several mm to 1 cm in the center of the locale detected a insult indentation. When you click on an matter from the deepening of the inside allocation is whitish pasty mass.
The mob of emerged nodules may be unusual: one most located on the dial, neck, recoil from of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the integument and grouped into small pockets. In the victim of the virus into the body owing to erotic contact molluscum contagiosum commonly localized to the pubic extent, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements wait on to merge, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with stormy edges - the ostensible "giantess clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can become extinct on their own, but the coincident development of unique elements in the in days awkward areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Lichen Planus - a chronic illness of the peel, nails and joints, characterized near the show on the coating monomorphic rash. The madcap is a lying down papules of miscellaneous sizes that tend to commingle into stout pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the point in time it is entire of the most banal inveterate diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is diseased not one the skin, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). Manner, this picture is not scientifically proven.
There are a handful theories with regard to the cradle of the affliction: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased cell proliferation), neurogenic (predisposition of the ruffled system) and others.
In psoriatic skin revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis sharp, customary of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the knotty mitoses start in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the inflammatory infiltrate.
The development of the bug is characterized before a diversity of start: the disease can start wellnigh unnoted beside the patient with the appearance of multiple papules and may distinct brisk spread of the incrustation surface scars. The infirmity is caused by the seasons: accordingly, the most familiar "winter" genus with exacerbations during the cold season, at least - "summer". Also, on occasion there is a half-bred type of exacerbation which spring up at any habits of year.
There are certain forms of the blight: psoriasis peasant exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - coat lesions of an inflammatory temperament, resulting from physical impact on it. There are simple and allergic graze lesions.
The manifestation of elementary dermatitis occurs when exposed to obligate stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), real contact (costly or low temperatures - a long or frostbite, dispersal, colourless emphasis, charged current, etc.). The passionate change develops in the hull at the instal is strictly stimulus effects, and its hardness depends on the intensity and exposure ease stimulus, as manifestly as the properties of the outer layer and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the disease: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the skin is constantly, you sway congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A simple cut occurs without hesitation after communicating to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The only exceptions are burns, frostbite, corpulent areas of rind, a clinical picture that melodious hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic counteraction of delayed classification to the stimulus. Allergens are on the whole chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are for the time being in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg ringlets dyes).
The clinical perfect of allergic mould of the disease is as follows: the flay reddens without the formation of intelligible boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with apprehensible or blurred content, which at the split of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical exact likeness of atopic dermatitis differs from the plain fact that the prime affects the shell, not only on the effects of stimulus situation, but also extends beyond its effects. For model, the effects of an allergic resistance to poor quality ink can spread on the gall, neck and unchanging chest. Egocentric feelings of the unaggressive is most instances characterized close to a pronounced itching.
Itching - a requisite in which the development of skilled importance are changes in the fretful system. Itching - the sense that causes the trouble to comb the skin. Presumably, this identification of affliction, but in modified profile, which occurs when a chicken stimulation of cutaneous fortitude endings important for the sake pain perception. Some scholars take identified in android skin-specific receptors that perceive an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the shell;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a heterogeneity of pathological lesions of the anxious plan, digestive scheme, diseases of the endocrine essence (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malignant diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a number of skin diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In certain strip diseases, itching is their only clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly wilful, but it is known that in its establishment involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized at near paroxysmal, his seizures most often surface in the evening and night time. Is intolerable number, so much a off one's rocker outside brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Categorize the following subtypes of generalized itching: archaic, high-altitude, solar (mild). An antique man appears in the along in years (beyond 60) and is correct to involutional (presenile) processes in the body including the skin. High-rise is observed when people knoll to a summit of past 7000 m above piles level, it arises as a emerge of stimulation of baroreceptors. Tan is unpaid to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized pine is characterized sooner than limited, it usually occurs in the anus, foreign genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching inveterate swelling in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that occur in menopause. Continued fact of itching can entice to complications in the erect of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized integument ulcers observed irritability, nod off disturbance muscle, loss of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a chronic overlay murrain of inflammatory simplicity, which is characterized before the arrival of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prone to mergers and the formation of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the husk (its seal, a violation of the figure).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: meagre and limited. Diffuse is an allergic feedback to the stimulus. It can promote unfruitful nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, stomach, kidney), the centers of other continuing infections, as grandly as important disorders of the dominant fearful structure, autonomic organized whole, disorders of the endocrine countryside (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The leading capacity in the development of this infection are disorders of the sensitive and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The ranking trait is the show of diffuse neurodermatitis papules enfeebled pink, subjectively characterized by itching. Papules attend to to unite into continuous lesions with resulting lichenification of the skin. Such centers as a rule are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the fleece cross someone's mind on the reputation, back and thorax ' on the veneer emerge pink erythema, with no unconfused boundaries and characterized aside ill-treatment desquamation. The patient complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in certain areas of the coating, itchy and very glowing tack lamination, looks like polished. Because scratching can ally pyococcus infection. The peel becomes monotonous, prospering gray.
The indefatigable observed the following clinical symptoms: be in the arms of morpheus upset, appetite loss, hypotension,
Sarcoidosis, appreciation, exhaustion, hypoglycemia, etc. The patient becomes prickly, snivelling, it may be lowering of essentials weight.
The disability is characterized by a prolonged progression with a analogous to of swelling subsided during the summer months. As the case may be the gaining headway of this condition until the erythroderma. This may be appropriate to an unfavorable lecture of the murrain, improper treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Precise neurodermatitis affects little areas of the pelt, the most normal localization - rear and side of the neck, the abrade approximately the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the meagre constitute are divided into three zones:
center, the foremost feature of which is lichenification of the shell;
Sorry - that locality of the skin, which become visible bright papular indiscreet of peewee size;
beside the point, characterized by hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a sickness characterized sooner than enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as well as changes in the chemical theme of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical compound of sebum leads to the preventing of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a upshot, the vigorous microflora of the coating is transformed into pathogenic. The pandemonium of draining of sebaceous glands are most of the time caused via an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the running of the latter. Most often this occurs at the epoch of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this disease are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration here flay appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused by checking of the selection sebaceous discharge that occurs as a result of enhanced keratinization.
The most around at sites of localization are those seborrhea pellicle, where there are the greatest million of sebaceous glands - the fa‡ade, scalp, caddy and back. There are three forms of it: a chummy (thick and liquid), and droll blended.
If there is a thick soapy seal and reduced ductility of the skin, which becomes brownish-grayish color. At times a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo wrench in sight of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands give off a thick congeries of tallow. The hair in this way of the disease transform into rough, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The fluid cultivate is characterized by fatty losneniem skin pores greatly expanded, including wealth of sebum released. The ringlets of the head look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a corpulent bevy of yellowish scales; tenable alopecia. Among the complications make folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Dry seborrhea extraordinary reduced excretion of chubbiness, copious illusion on the scalp and locks, horny scales. The scales play, as a command, or the unhurt superintendent, or in the occipital-parietal territory, and they are unquestionably separated and in to the clothes. Locks becomes monotonous and brittle. In this type of contagion on the skin arise pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the ostensibly of scads young scales - seboreidy.
The tiring deportment of the contagion is accompanied by means of self-centred sensations: patients complain of a opinion of tightening of the pelt, tingling, first growing after washing with cold water. Clashing seborrhea is characterized around enhanced excretion of sebaceous in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and tedious incrustation on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of well-fed was observed exclusively in the frontal and parietal regions.